In 1943 Abraham Maslow, one of the founding fathers of humanist
approaches to management, wrote an influential paper that set out five
fundamental human needs needs and their hierarchical nature. They are quoted and
taught so widely now that many people perceive this model as the definitive set
of needs and do not look further.
The hierarchical effect
A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical nature of the
needs. The lower the needs in the hierarchy, the more fundamental they are and
the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay
attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs. For example, when we are ill,
we care little for what others think about us: all we want is to get better.
Maslow called the first four needs 'D-need' as they are
triggered when we have a deficit. Only self-actualization is a need that we seek
for solely positive reasons. Maslow also called them 'instinctoid' as they are
genetically programmed into us as essential for evolutionary survival. Loss of these
during childhood can lead to trauma and lifelong fixation.
Click on the needs in the diagram below for more detail, or read
below for a quick summary of each.
Note that in practice this hierarchy is only approximate and you
do not have to have your physiologically needs fully satisfied before going on
to seeking higher needs. In their global survey, for example, Tay and Diener
(2011) found that people can be living in hazardous poverty and yet still derive
much satisfaction from having social needs (belonging and esteem) fulfilled.
The five needs
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Physiological needs are to do with the maintenance of the human body. If we are unwell, then little else matters until we recover.
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Safety needs are about putting a roof over our heads and keeping us from harm. If we are rich, strong and powerful, or have good friends, we can make ourselves safe.
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Belonging needs introduce our tribal nature. If we are helpful and kind to others they will want us as friends.
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Esteem needs are for a higher position within a group. If people respect us, we have greater power.
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Self-actualization needs are to 'become what we are capable of becoming', which would our greatest achievement.
Three more needs
These are the needs that are most commonly discussed and used.
In fact Maslow later added three more needs by splitting two of the above five
needs.
Between esteem and self-actualization needs was added:
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Need to know and understand, which explains the cognitive need of the academic.
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The need for aesthetic beauty, which is the emotional need of the artist.
Self-actualization was divided into:
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Self-actualization, which is realizing one's own potential, as above.
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Transcendence, which is helping others to achieve their potential.
